This study contributes to the existing literature on income and conflict by examining the under-investigated sector of smallholder farming. A significant portion of the population, particularly in developing countries, is still highly dependent on the agricultural sector. Data on income in small-scale agriculture is often limited to surveys and case studies. To address this limitation, we...
Agricultural commodity booms can improve rural employment and livelihoods, but also accelerate land-use change in rural areas. Where land-use rights are unclear and economic institutions non-cohesive, such booms can trigger social conflict over land. We investigate this phenomenon in Indonesia, where rising global demand for palm oil caused a large expansion in production area over the past...
