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According to the big bang theory, the universe began as an extremely hot, dense, and small point known as singularity. Approximately 13.8 billion years ago, this singularity began to expand and cool, eventually forming subatomic particles, atoms, stars, galaxies, and eventually the structure of the universe as we know it today. At that time, the universe was formed from the stage of nothingness since there was no time available before the Big Bang for any known matter to exist. There was a minute imbalance condition in the very early hours of the Big Bang that caused matter to win the race over antimatter. Mathematically this discrepancy was due to one extra matter for every 1 billion matter-antimatter created. But what exactly caused this extra matter to appear? Proton annihilation is a hypothetical process in which protons, subatomic particles that make up the nuclei of atoms, come into contact and annihilate each
other, releasing a large amount of energy in the process. Here comes the "monopole problem", which refers to the fact that if magnetic monopoles existed in the early universe, they would have been produced in such large numbers that they would have a much higher density than what is observed today. This would have resulted in a universe that would have been magnetically dominated and would have prevented the formation of galaxies, stars, and planets.
This problem refers to the fact that if magnetic monopoles existed in the early universe, their density would have been much higher than what is observed today, preventing the formation of galaxies, stars, and planets. But the Universe metamorphosed itself in an unconventional manner which is a hot-selling cake-like topic in modern astronomy and physical sciences.
The study tries to evaluate different processes through cosmic inflation that took place over the course of time in the universe and find the reason for the monopole dilemma and its unstable low-density existence.
